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England
Learn
languages (via Skype): Rainer: + 36 20 549 52 97 or + 36 20 334 79 74
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England
The Bronze Age - Stonehenge - and then the Celts. Until then there are only excavations and other findings of this
kind.
When Caesar came to Britain, he
wrote of those who lived at the coast that they were similar to those in Gallia.
So they were Celts. The Romans founded various camps, which then became
cities. London also emerged at that time. The Romans expanded their trade here
for four centuries and brought their gods with them. When Christianity became
the state religion in Rome, this too came to England.
With the migration of peoples and
the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, first chaos came. Or maybe
liberation from the Roman yoke? The immigrant Angles and Saxons mainly
occupied the south and ousted Christianity. The latter could only survive in the bog-rich and impassable Wales or fled to the islands between England and
Ireland. A few centuries later, this should cause problems because the monks
and missionaries from Rome brought, for example, different rites and a different calendar for religious holy days.
From the 5th to the 9th century, there was a struggle for dominance on the
island.
When finally the winner was
determined, the Normans came in and forced their will on the
people living there. The Catholic Church, of course, first stood by the
Angles and the Saxons, before moving to the new lords' camp. These
Normans originally from Scandinavia had previously settled in the north of
France in order to then gain a stronger foothold in England. Now they were
king of England and lord of Normandy, sovereign rulers on one side and
subjects of the French king on the other, which between 1337 and 1453 led to the
hundred-year war between these two countries.
Expelled from France and
surrounded by the sea, they slowly conquered Wales first by draining the
swamps and then Scotland and Ireland.
The only thing left for England
was seafaring. At first they traded all the way to the Baltic States, but
when it seemed too small and they had tried it out at sea, the English set
off for the new world.
First of all, Spain had to be
driven out of the Caribbean Sea. For the English side privateers, the Spanish
side simply called them pirates. The English mainly established military
positions in North America, on the most important trade routes to India in
Africa, around the Persian Gulf, then in Asia, from Singapore to Hong Kong, Australia
and New Zealand. Organisations like the East India Company were not only
economic, they also funded the army. Rebellions were instigated in colonies
of other countries and when these became unsustainable for others, England
came with a large military contingent and took them over. After the First
World War, it was called protectorate, especially the former Turkish areas of
the Ottoman Empire around the Persian Gulf, when oil became more and more
important as an energy source. That way, Great Britain established her world
power. The famous “balance of power” policy on the European continent had the
aim of always playing off the European powers against each other through a
clever alliance policy, so that they weakened in Europe and England had a
free hand in the colonies and control world trade. However, a few times, this tactics didn’t work:
for example, in the case of Prussia and Hitler. But Europeans living in the
colonies were slowly gaining confidence and wanted to become independent. The
first were the U.S.A. and now the U.S. Americans too used the same policy as
the English before and that way not only contested the place of the others,
but also took it over.
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Montag, 3. August 2020
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